Living in Languages
Volume 4
2026

“From the Land of Pain” by Hanni Ossott

Translated by April Schmidt

Introduction

Venezuelan poet Hanni Ossott (1946-2002) was widely regarded as being “una de las primeras voces de nuestra poesía” (“one of the foremost voices in our poetry,” Caballero 83, translation mine) by Venezuelan literary critics, although she was largely unknown outside her country. Ossott wrote ten books of poetry, winning the José Antonio Ramos Sucre Prize in 1972 and the National Poetry Prize in 1988. She also published several collections of essays and translations of poems by D.H. Lawrence, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Emily Dickinson.

Ossott’s poetry is generally divided into two stages: an early experimental stage, encompassing her first four books, and a later mature stage initiated by her two best-known books, Hasta que llegue el día y huyan las sombras (Until the Day Breaks and the Shadows Flee) and El reino donde la noche se abre (The Realm where Night Opens). During her first stage, she experimented with different literary styles and techniques and was strongly influenced by surrealism and stream-of-consciousness novels, such as James Joyce’s Ulysses. Her mature work is more accessible but still frequently focuses on abstract themes, such as being, consciousness, the unconscious, and the opposing concepts of darkness and light, totality and nothingness. Themes and techniques from her first four books of poetry are also woven into her later work. For example, the poem “Del país de la pena” (“From the Land of Pain”) from El reino donde la noche se abre is a stream-of-consciousness monologue. Ossott was a great admirer of Virginia Woolf, and “Del país de la pena” includes several allusions to her work, including a quote from The Waves in the first line.

Ossott was also fascinated by the mystery of consciousness and how it forms the basis of our sense of self. Thus, she looked to the stream of consciousness to provide an answer to the question “¿Quién soy?” (“Who am I?”), which recurs throughout “Del país de la pena.” In this ambitious, nine-page poem, Ossott endeavors to wrest a sense of self from the myriad of thoughts, sensations, and emotions that were passing through her conscious awareness one November night in 1985. According to an interview with Rafael Arráiz Lucca, “Del país de la pena” was written “entre las diez de la noche y las cuatro de la madrugada” (“between ten at night and four in the morning,” Ossott qtd. in Arráiz Lucca 34, translation mine), and Ossott considered it to be “el poema más largo, intenso y complicado que he escrito en mi vida” (“the longest and most intense and complicated poem I’ve written in my life,” ibid.). She never endeavored to revise or correct it, leaving it as a faithful transcription of what was passing through her mind over the course of the six hours she spent writing it. “Del país de la pena” is often considered to be “su texto más emblemático” (“her most representative text,” Caballero 84, translation mine) and has been included in anthologies of Venezuelan poetry.

Original · Español
Translation · English

Del país de la pena

                              te enseñaré el miedo en un puñado de polvo
                                                               T.S. Eliot

¿Quién soy?... «¿La luz que ilumina esta verja, esta tierra?»
¿Soy los árboles y las plantas? ¿Acaso el mar?
Soy colinas, riberas, agua bañada de luz
Soy un cuerpo cansado de tanta errancia
un cuerpo y un alma cansados del miedo
Soy el temor.

Desde lo profundo y oscuro escucho y tiemblo
Oigo lo profundo, lo oscuro, lo difícil
las contradicciones, todos los polos opuestos
las negruras, las blancuras, los intercambios
como si lo blanco reuniera a lo negro
como si lo negro reuniera a lo blanco.

¿Quién soy?
Primero una pena, luego el soportar.

Veo barcos, barcos múltiples que tocan mi orilla
Veo una casa destrozada por el dolor, demasiado cercana.

Los barcos relucen en la noche
                   —veo sus banderas
ellos son el arribo, la llegada
mas no la cura de la más antigua herida.
Veo barcos enfermos, antiguos, dolientes
            y adentro muletas, invalidez, desazón.

¿Quién soy?

El sol me quema, incendia mi piel, ilumina mis ojos
Me vuelvo ardiente, soy ardiente
        respondo con amor a la canícula.

Yo te he buscado para saber quién soy,
y yo no sé quién soy

La hojarasca me ha arrastrado
Quizás para salvarme
       Mi cuerpo está cubierto por una alfombra vegetal
       la pelusa de las hojas me acaricia
       me he hundido en lo verde
       duermo, duermo, duermo
       para que todo pase, para que todo termine de pasar.

Soy ahora el pájaro que enterré en el jardín
       duermo bajo la tierra para que todo pase
       quiero obviar el dolor y el horror. Olvido, olvido...

Pienso, ya no es tiempo de la resaca
       cada ola me dicta una continuidad
       nos la dicta
mi continuidad es una estación sutil, imperceptible
       a los apresurados.

Tú llegaste del país de la pena. ¿Adónde, adónde?

El mar se abre en mí, vasto
       para lavarme, regarme
               poco a poco voy hacia él
               con respeto.

Y lejos veo los barcos
barcos cargados de llanto, de indignación contenida
               barcos magdalenas.

«¿Escribiste el poema, lo lograste hacer bien?
                Te pregunto».

¿Quién soy?            Te fui a buscar
               Pero fue en Venecia donde te vi
Allí estaban tus cosas
        manteles, bisutería, un granate, topacios
Venecia: reposo para la melancolía.
Padezco
¿Quién soy yo?

Quiero ir a la playa, quiero ver el mar
quiero ver la tierra estremecida por el amor del mar
adoraré la belleza, los esplendores
La ciudad me obliga a trabajar
                y yo mientras tanto suspiro
                suspiro.
Después de tanto dolor creo que las cosas se acomodarán
                un remiendo por aquí, otro por allá
                estoy extenuada
—tres años y medio de edad son suficientes
                para entenderlo todo
                vida, muerte, abandonos, distancias.

No soy hija de la guerra, suspiro...
               soy nieta

Este pasado me lo voy a tomar lentamente, con demoras
(mi marido es humorista y ríe, ríe de mí y tiene razón)
También mi padre decía: «Hay que reírse»
pero no pudo reír, de tanta pena.

¿Quién soy? Creo que soy una trinitaria encendida
               una trinitaria fucsia
               colgando sobre el muro.
He colocado mi florecer sobre el muro
               para que sea más hermoso
                      para que se suavice
quizás quiero ocultar u olvidarme
               de esa piedra tan áspera. El muro.
               El muro de Berlín.

No quiero el horror sino la tolerancia
               la casa, amigos, libros,
               el granate de amor, los hermanos.

Quiero que en mí se resuelva el mar, la hojarasca.

¿Dónde estás?         ¿Dime, quién soy yo?

Los árboles están silentes, no hay grillos
               sólo lo metálico suena
               máquinas y dinero se dejan sentir
               oigo carros y al fondo una huelga
               ¡nada pasa aquí!
               pero las luces están encendidas
                            y el corazón arde.

Soy testigo de esto. Y de lo otro
          Soy testigo.

No importa.            Allí está la flor del apamate
        Tú dijiste que era la flor del apamate
        He visto la flor del cerezo
        era bellísima.           Doctor, era bellísima.

Ah, tanto agobio, a veces carezco de fuerzas.

Todo lo que tenemos que cuidar: nosotros, la tierra, el alma
supongamos que la poesía también
                y los niños, el niño en nosotros
                la cocina, la lucidez en la cocina
la lista es demasiado larga
                y es demasiado para nosotras
                ¿podrán los hombres ayudarnos?
                ¿oírnos?
demasiado peso; sí, demasiado peso
                demasiado agobio.

Venecia, Venezuela
              Suspiro, tiemblo, ardo
Mi marido trabaja y es de noche.        Las gatas chillan.

Oigo el mar, la caracola me informa
No todo es resolución, pero algo debe resolverse
               algo así como una paga
               ¿pero qué?, no sé...

¿Qué soy? Escucho algo en mí, una voz, quizás
             algo que quiere salir
             algo claro
               que ahora no entiendo, que rumorea.

¿Soy de la Edad Media?
              atrás están mis muertos
              atrás y cerca
              ellos, los dolientes
              los que no entendieron el absurdo
              su propio absurdo
              los que no pudieron verse aún
              ellos, los adolescentes
              los que padecían, adolecían.

Una vez dije: El mar en mí no deja dormir
               Ahora lo sé,
               sé qué significa la vigilia
               estoy atenta
               llevo algas apegadas a mi cuerpo.

¿Quién soy? ¿Una ruta? ¿Un camino?
               ¿Una carretera entre ciudad y ciudad?
               ¿Seré un intermedio, un lapso?
No la conciliación, no. Sino algo más
Veamos, debo clarificarme, o quizás no.

Veo una línea de palmas, una neblina
               Allí hay dos y tres
               un hombre, una mujer
               dos hombres
               lejos, niños

Sé lo que ello significa
                arenisca, polvo visto entre la luz
                         puntos que atajo
Mi corazón arde, latido a latido
                no hay fragua
                estoy en calma.

La casa está aquí, aquí los fuegos y las aguas
                aquí el lar
«Pero tú, tú sufriste tanto, para todo esto»

Ah... mi pasión. Ah... mis perdones
Claridad, luz divina, ven a mí.

El sol arde y quema, se consagra frente a mi otoño
El sol me habla, contra el otoño, contra la ruina
               —pero también soy el otoño.

Ah fruta veloz pronta a la tristeza
todo lo bello en ti, pelusa de durazno
                se regala para ser higo
                como si fuese un intercambio
                entre lo difícil y lo fresco.

Mi ámbito, ¡cuánta claridad!
Oh tierra, cuánto debo hacer para comprenderte
               cuán minuciosa debo ser.
Ahora vivo en el detalle, en fragmentos, en trazos
               sobre la línea de un rostro.

¿Quién soy?
No tengo cara, seguro, es seguro, no tengo cara
               mis ojos vuelan más allá
               mis pómulos son contundentes
               mi cabello revolotea o se hace dócil
               la luz lo abrillanta, lo achica
               fuegos en mí arden


y ahora quiero algo parecido a la paz
               algo así como lo regular
               tiemblo encendida de tanta pasión
(Mi marido está durmiendo..., al fin; así no me oye
mi marido sabe cuando pienso, cuando siento,
la resonancia de mí le llega y es fuerte).

Estoy en mi cuarto, en mi «cuarto propio»
              Allí está la ardilla alemana
              las muñecas: la inglesa, la merideña
              la venezolana, la italiana
              allí está el pájaro primitivo
               la talla
               allí la foto del balcón hacia ningún lugar

Grecia, Alemania, Venezuela, Londres, Venecia, Egipto.
                Los cuidos.
                Es demasiado.         Suficiente. Suficiente.
                       Carezco de fuerzas
                He dejado el poema, la palabra
                He hablado demasiado.
Ya casi no hay culpas
sólo la sombra desfalleciente de lo que somos
                amparo
queremos amparo
los buques con sus luces
                las banderas
                los cañones, las balas, las invisibles balas
                ya no entran en mí
oigo sólo la voz de los grillos
                la voz de la tierra
                la voz de la naturaleza
                queda, casi mugiente
                como una imploración
                ¿quién oye?
                ¿quién está allí?
                ¿quién habla?
                Toco a las puertas
No es el de adentro quien pregunta
Es el de afuera
                el demolido
                el cansado
                el exhausto
Y mi voz se alarga, se extiende
                ¿Quién está allí?

El rayo de luz se ha acortado
               debo dormir, es de noche
               los ángeles nos cubrirán
               como a una pareja de amor
                            en cuido
Mi alma sola late y veo los reflejos
hay allí un cuaderno, hay allí un lápiz
               un molinillo de café
               y está la firma de Steinberg, a quien no conozco

El grillo salta y salta —lleva la libertad en sí
        Acciono, acciono y no comprendo
                 trato de comprender, lentamente
mi niñez y mi vejez lo impiden
                 tengo cuarenta años.

Dios, ¿qué significo... quién soy?
               Hay un alba, sí
               y una medianoche
               hay un cuerpo que ondula
               hay mujeres con un pañuelo amarrado a la cabeza
               y eso significa algo, un luto quizás
               pañuelos negros para sujetar la desesperación
creo que todo tiene significado
               sé de todo lo que significa

¿Quién soy? ¿Tengo yo un significado?
              ¿Soy una palabra, un viento, una planta?
              Mi corazón arde.     Lloro, ardo...
              Ahí voy, como a la sombra de destinos
La pluma de mi pluma está ardiente
              revoloteando, siguiendo la brisa

Mar, en ti confío para que des a los otros su límite
                          como a la playa
Estoy absorta ante ti, casi espantada
               todos mis riesgos se retraen
Cuido. Cuido. Cuido.          Habrá que ir con cuido.

¿Qué más?        Las estrellas están allí.   Silentes.
               Y hay obra.          Corazón.
Si todo esto ha sido malo… ¿entonces?
               Entonces no habrá corrección.

¿Quién soy?             ¿El milagro de un error?
               La ventana se abre
               La culpa se ventila
               El sol irradia

En la costa yace un marinero
               la mujer llora
desconsuelo, desconsuelo, desconsuelo

No hay punto final para esta guerra
              esta guerra horrible
              esta destrucción
mi alma ha sido partida en dos
              piedad por mis ángeles
              Santa cruz

He llorado.     La tierra me sublima.       Los vegetales
                La carne
                El hombre me sublima
y estoy por él más allá de él
                       entre cacharros y suspiros
Por ello lavo la casa
                Y este grito solitario... ¿qué será?

Suficiente.

Es la luz de la Luna lo que hoy me ilumina.


                                               Noviembre 1985

From the Land of Pain

                                      I will show you fear in a handful of dust
                                                                    T.S. Eliot

Who am I?… “The light that falls on this gate, on this ground?”
Am I the trees and plants? Perhaps the sea?
I am hills, riverbanks, water bathed in light
I am a body weary from so much wandering
a body and a soul tired of fear
I am fear.

From the depths and darkness I listen and tremble
I hear deepness, darkness, difficulty
contradictions, all the opposite poles
blackness, whiteness, interchanges
as if white were joined with black
as if black were joined with white.

Who am I?
First pain, and then endurance.

I see ships, numerous ships that touch my shore
I see a home devastated by grief, too close.

The ships gleam in the night
                    —I see their flags
they reach land, arrive
but bring no cure for the oldest wound.
I see ships that are ailing, old, in pain
            and inside them crutches, disability, unease.

Who am I?

The sun burns me, sets fire to my skin, lights up my eyes
I become ardent, I am ardent
       I respond with love to the midsummer heat.

I have sought you in order to know who I am,
and I do not know who I am

The fallen leaves have swept me away
Perhaps to save me
        My body is covered with a carpet of vegetation
        the down of the leaves caresses me
        I have sunk into the verdure
        I sleep, I sleep, I sleep
        so that everything comes to pass, so that everything comes to an end.

I am now the bird I buried in the garden
       I sleep beneath the earth so that everything passes away
       I want to avoid the pain and the horror. Forget, forget…

I think, now is not the time for the undercurrent
        each wave dictates a continuity to me
        dictates it to us
my continuity is a subtle season, imperceptible
        to those in a hurry.

You arrived from the land of pain. Where to, where to?

The sea opens in me, vast
       to bathe me, water me
               little by little I go toward it
               with respect.

And far off I see the ships
ships loaded with weeping, with repressed outrage
                Magdalene ships.

“You wrote the poem, you managed to do it well?
              I’m asking you.”

Who am I?              I went looking for you
                 But it was in Venice that I saw you
There were your things
         tablecloths, jewelry, a garnet, topazes
Venice: respite from melancholy.
I suffer
Who am I?

I want to go to the shore, I want to see the ocean
I want to see the land trembling for love of the sea
I will adore the beauty, the splendor
The city obliges me to work
                and in the meantime I sigh
                I sigh.
After so much pain I believe that things will adapt
                a patch here, another there
                I am exhausted
—three and a half years of age is enough
                to understand it all
                life, death, abandonment, distances.

I am not a daughter of the war, I sigh…
               I am the granddaughter

I will take this past slowly, with delays
(my husband is a humorist and laughs, laughs at me and he is right)
My father too used to say: “One has to laugh”
but he couldn’t laugh, with all the grief.

Who am I? I believe I am a flaming bougainvillea
               a fuchsia bougainvillea
               hanging on the wall.
I have placed my flowering against the wall
               to make it more beautiful
                     to soften it
perhaps I want to hide or forget
               the roughness of the stone. The wall.
               The Berlin Wall.

I do not want horror but rather tolerance
               home, friends, books
               garnet of love, brothers and sisters.

I want the sea, the fallen leaves to resolve themselves in me.

Where are you?          Tell me, who am I?

The trees are silent, there are no crickets
                only what’s metal is heard
                machines and money make themselves felt
                I hear cars and in the background a strike
                nothing happens here!
                but the lights are turned on
                             and the heart burns.

I am a witness of this. And of the other
           I am a witness.

No matter.               There is the flower of the pink trumpet tree
             You said it was the pink trumpet flower
             I have seen the cherry blossom
             it was so beautiful.         Doctor, it was so beautiful.

Ah, such a burden, at times I lack strength.

All that we have to care for: ourselves, the earth, the soul
let us suppose poetry as well
                  and the children, the child in us
                  the kitchen, the brightness in the kitchen
the list is too long
                  and it is too much for us women
                  will men be able to help us?
                  hear us?
too much weight; yes, too much weight
                  too big a burden.

Venice, Venezuela
             I sigh, tremble, burn
My husband is working and it is night.          Cats are yowling.

I hear the ocean, the conch shell informs me
Not everything is a resolution, but something should be resolved
               something like a payment
               but what? I don’t know…

What am I? I hear something inside me, a voice, perhaps
              something that wants to get out
              something clear
               that now I do not understand, that murmurs.

Am I from the Middle Ages?
              behind me are my dead
              behind and near
              those in pain
              who did not understand the absurdity
              their own absurdity
              those who could not yet see themselves
              the adolescents
              those who suffered, who were in pain.

I once said: The ocean in me won’t let me sleep
               Now I know it,
               I know what wakefulness means
               I am vigilant
               with seaweed clinging to my body.

Who am I? A route? A path?
                A road from city to city?
                Am I an interim, a lapse?
Not conciliation, no. But something more
Let’s see, I should make myself clearer, or perhaps not.

I see a line of palms, a mist
                 There are two and three there
                 a man, a woman
                 two men
                 in the distance, children

I know what it means
               sandstone, dust seen in the light
                        points I intercept
My heart burns, beat by beat
               there is no forge
               I am calm.

Home is here, here the fire and water
              here the hearth
“But you, you suffered so much, for all this”

Ah… my passion. Ah… my forgiveness
Clarity, divine light, come to me.

The sun blazes and burns, it sets itself against my autumn
The sun speaks to me, against the autumn, against ruin
              —but I am also the autumn.

Ah, fleeting fruit, swift to sorrow
all the beauty in you, downy skin of the peach
                is given away like a fig
                as if it were an exchange
                between difficulty and freshness.

Around me, so much brightness!
Oh earth, how much I must do to understand you
               how meticulous must I be.
Now I live in details, in fragments, in lines
               on the form of a face.

Who am I?
I have no face, for sure, it’s for sure, I have no face
               my eyes fly beyond
               my cheekbones are striking
               my hair flies around or becomes manageable
               the light makes it shine, diminishes it
               fires burn in me

and now I want something similar to peace
               something like normality
               I tremble, aflame with so much passion
(My husband is sleeping…, finally; so he doesn’t hear me
my husband knows when I think, when I feel,
the resonance from me reaches him and is strong).

I am in my room, in “a room of one’s own”
              There is the German squirrel
              the dolls: the English one, the one from Mérida
              the Venezuelan, the Italian one
              there is the primitive bird
               the carving
               there the photo of the balcony looking towards nowhere

Greece, Germany, Venezuela, London, Venice, Egypt.
                 Cares.
                 It’s too much.        Enough. Enough.
                         I lack strength
                 I have left behind the poem, the word
                 I have spoken too much.
There is almost no guilt now
only the fading shadow of what we are
                 refuge
we want refuge
the ships with their lights
                 their flags
                 their cannons, their cannonballs, invisible cannonballs
                 no longer penetrate me
I hear only the voice of the crickets
                 the voice of the earth
                 the voice of nature
                 remains, almost lowing
                 like a supplication
                 who hears?
                 who is there?
                 who speaks?
                 I knock at the doors
It is not the one inside who asks
It is the one outside
                 crushed
                 tired
                 exhausted
And my voice expands, spreads
                 Who is there?

The ray of light has dwindled
               I must sleep, it is night
               angels will cover us
               as they do a couple in love
                            with care
Alone, my soul throbs and I see the reflections
there is a notebook, a pencil there
                a coffee mill
                and there is the signature of Steinberg, whom I don’t know

The cricket jumps and jumps—he carries freedom within him
       I gesture, gesticulate and don’t understand
               I try to understand, slowly
my childhood and my old age impede it
               I am forty years old.

God, what do I signify… who am I?
                There is a dawn, yes
                and a midnight
                there is a body that undulates
                there are women with a handkerchief tied around their head
                and this means something, mourning perhaps
                black handkerchiefs to hold in despair
I believe that everything has a meaning
                I know everything it means

Who am I? Do I have a meaning?
               Am I a word, a gust of wind, a plant?
               My heart burns.        I weep, I burn…
               There I go, as if in the shadow of destiny
The feather of my pen is aflame
               fluttering, following the breeze

Ocean, I trust in you to give to others their boundaries
                        as you do to the shore
I am entranced before you, almost terrified
                all my dangers recede
Care. Care. Care.           One has to take care.

What else?        The stars are there.    Silent.
                 And there is work.        Heart.
If all this has been wrong… what then?
                 Then there will be no correction.

Who am I?             The miracle of a mistake?
               The window opens
               Guilt is aired
               The sun radiates

On the shore lies a sailor
               the woman weeps
desolation, desolation, desolation

There is no end to this war
               this terrible war
               this destruction
my soul has been torn in two
               mercy for my angels
               Holy cross

I have wept.      Earth sublimates me.   Plants
                Flesh
                Man sublimates me
and for him I am beyond him
                       between crockery and sighs
For this I clean the house
                And this solitary cry… what is it?

Enough.

It is the light of the Moon that now illuminates me.



                                                       November 1985

Translation Notes

Translations inevitably reflect the translator’s interpretation of the work, especially with poetry, where there is often less context and more room for individual interpretation. This was perhaps even more true than usual with “Del país de la pena.” Since the poem consists of a stream-of-consciousness monologue, with the poet’s thoughts and sensations triggering a chain of associations, there is very little objective context to go by and no single, unifying theme. In trying to follow Ossott’s train of thought, I based my interpretive decisions on the circumstances surrounding the writing of the poem, as described in her interview with Rafael Arráiz Lucca, and on her family history and life experiences. Having written my dissertation on Ossott’s work, I was also able to relate elements in the poem to themes and preoccupations found in her other poems and essays.

The difficulties involved in translating certain key words are representative of the challenges of translating “Del país de la pena” as a whole. For example, I was initially reluctant to translate the word pena in the title as pain, since in most contexts it is a false cognate. The Spanish word pena most often refers to emotional distress, whereas the English word pain usually refers to physical suffering. According to Harper Collins, pena is best translated into English as “grief, sadness, sorrow” (“Pena,” def. a). However, mere sadness or even sorrow do not adequately reflect the complex emotions in the poem, which centers around existential angst. Nor does grief, which suggests sorrow over a loss. Ultimately, I opted to use the word pain, since it can mean “mental or emotional suffering or torment” (“Pain,” def. 3), as well as “physical suffering or distress” (def. 1).

This line of reasoning informed decisions about related words as well. For example, although the word dolor in Spanish (like the word pain in English) is more often used to describe physical suffering, I opted to translate it as grief in the line “Veo una casa destrozada por el dolor,” since this line is probably a reference to the death of her mother when Ossott was only three and a half years old, an event that deeply impacted her and the rest of her family, especially her father. At other times, I opted for the more usual translation (pena translated as grief, dolor as pain). For these and other words with multiple meanings and nuances, I based my decisions on the context of the poem, on biographical information, and on indications found in her other poems and essays.

By drawing on Ossott’s life and literary work, I have endeavored to convey what I believe to have been her train of thought as accurately as possible in this translation. However, there were some nuances (such as the play on the words adolescentes and adolecían in lines 135-136) that could not be captured in English. Also, Ossott herself felt that her poetry was often “de lectura múltiple” (“capable of multiple readings,” “Memoria de una poética” 1017, translation mine). Consequently, a reader with a different interpretation of the poem might have opted to translate certain words and phrases differently.

Works Cited

Arráiz Lucca, Rafael. “La obra poética de Hanni Ossott.” La poesía como noche: en torno a Hanni Ossott. Fondo Editorial de Humanidades y Educación, 2007, pp. 32-35.

Caballero, Manuel. “Por Hanni Ossott, poeta.” La poesía como noche: en torno a Hanni Ossott. Fondo Editorial de Humanidades y Educación, 2007, pp. 83-84.

Ossott, Hanni. “Del país de la pena.” Obras completas. bid & co. editor, 2008, pp. 366-379.

———. “Memoria de una poética.” Obras completas. bid & co. editor, 2008, pp. 1006-1032.

“Pain.” Def. 1 and 3. Random House Unabridged Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1993.

“Pena.” Def. a. Harper Collins Spanish Unabridged Dictionary. 5th ed. 1997.

This translation of “Del país de la pena” was authorized by bid & co. editor.